# End Up Here: sexual privacy, self-consciousness and the social function of sex

Persistent working bibliography. This file separates the literature that Ernestine Friedl cited in “Sex the Invisible” (1994), later literature shown by AnthroSource as citing that article, and the proposed End Up Here synthesis.

## Anchor text

- Friedl, Ernestine. 1994. “Sex the Invisible.” *American Anthropologist* 96(4): 833–844. DOI: [10.1525/aa.1994.96.4.02a00060](https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1994.96.4.02a00060). **Core source.** The abstract identifies the near-universality of private sex and connects its possible evolution with social intelligence, political manoeuvring and consciousness of self.

## Friedl’s cited literature: highest relevance

- Gallup, Gordon G., Jr. 1982. “Self-Awareness and the Emergence of Mind in Primates.” *American Journal of Primatology* 2: 237–248. **Animal self-awareness.**
- Byrne, Richard W., and Andrew Whiten, eds. 1988. *Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of the Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. **Social intelligence and tactical awareness.**
- Whiten, Andrew, and R. W. Byrne. 1988. “The Manipulation of Attention in Primate Tactical Deception.” In *Machiavellian Intelligence*. **Audience-management and deception.**
- de Waal, Frans. 1982. *Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes*. New York: Harper and Row. **Primate politics, sex and hierarchy.**
- Gagnon, John H., and William Simon. 1973. *Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality*. Chicago: Aldine. **Sexual scripts and social meaning.**
- Simon, William, and John H. Gagnon. 1987. “A Sexual Scripts Approach.” In *Theories of Human Sexuality*, edited by James H. Geer and William T. O’Donohue, 363–382. New York: Plenum. **Cultural, interpersonal and intrapsychic scripts.**
- Mead, Margaret. 1961. “Cultural Determinants of Sexual Behavior.” In *Sex and Internal Secretions*, edited by William C. Young, 1433–1479. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. **Cross-cultural sexual behaviour.**
- Tuzin, Donald. 1991. “Sex, Culture and the Anthropologist.” *Social Science & Medicine* 33: 867–874. **Why anthropology struggles to study sex directly.**
- Davenport, William H. 1977. “Sex in Cross Cultural Perspective.” In *Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives*, edited by Frank A. Beach, 115–153. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. **Cross-cultural privacy and sexual practice.**
- Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A. Beach. 1951. *Patterns of Sexual Behavior*. New York: Harper and Brothers. **Comparative sexuality.**
- Frayser, Suzanne G. 1985. *Varieties of Sexual Experience: An Anthropological Perspective on Human Sexuality*. New Haven: HRAF Press. **Anthropological comparison.**
- Lee, Richard B. 1979. *The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society*. New York: Cambridge University Press. **Foraging society and practical sexual privacy.**
- Knight, Chris. 1991. *Blood Relations: Menstruation and the Origins of Culture*. New Haven: Yale University Press. **Sex, ritual, concealment and culture.**
- Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. 1983. *The Woman That Never Evolved*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. **Female sexuality and evolutionary strategy.**
- Symons, Donald. 1979. *The Evolution of Human Sexuality*. New York: Oxford University Press. **Evolutionary sexuality.**
- Fisher, Helen E. 1982. *The Sex Contract: The Evolution of Human Behavior*. New York: Quill. **Pair-bonding and sexual cooperation.**
- Turke, Paul. 1984. “Effects of Ovulatory Concealment and Synchrony on Protohominid Mating Systems and Parental Roles.” *Ethology and Sociobiology* 5: 33–44. **Concealed ovulation and mating systems.**
- Rowell, Thelma E. 1991. “On the Significance of the Concept of the Harem when Applied to Animals.” In *Primate Politics*, edited by Glendon Schubert and R. D. Masters, 57–72. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. **Caution against importing human categories into animal societies.**

## Privacy, secrecy and the socially visible self

- Benn, Stanley I. 1971. “Privacy, Freedom, and Respect for Persons.” In *Privacy*, edited by J. R. Pennock and J. W. Chapman, 1–26. New York: Atherton.
- Bok, Sissela. 1982. *Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation*. New York: Pantheon.
- Gavison, Ruth. 1980. “Privacy and the Limits of Law.” *Yale Law Journal* 89: 421–471.
- Schoeman, Ferdinand D., ed. 1984. *Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. See especially “Privacy and Intimate Information,” pp. 403–418.
- Hallowell, A. Irving. 1954. “The Self and Its Behavioral Environment.” *Explorations* 2: 106–165.
- Foucault, Michel. 1980. *The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction*. New York: Vintage.
- Carrithers, Michael. 1992. *Why Humans Have Cultures: Explaining Anthropology and Social Diversity*. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Brown, Donald E. 1991. *Human Universals*. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Okami, Paul, and Laura Pendleton. 1994. “Theorizing Sexuality: Seeds of a Transdisciplinary Paradigm Shift.” *Current Anthropology* 35: 85–94.

## Broader sexuality and social-structure sources cited by Friedl

- Alland, Alexander, Jr. 1972. *The Human Imperative*. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Bleier, Ruth. 1984. *Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theories*. New York: Pergamon.
- Brundage, James S. 1987. *Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Endleman, Robert. 1988. “Love: Transcultural Considerations.” In *Love: Psychoanalytic Perspectives*, 31–51. New York: New York University Press.
- Hogan, Rosemarie. 1985. *Human Sexuality: A Nursing Perspective*. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Kon, Igor S. 1987. “A Sociocultural Approach.” In *Theories of Human Sexuality*, 257–286. New York: Plenum.
- Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1907. *Ancient Society*. New York: Henry Holt.
- Person, Ethel Spector. 1987. “A Psychoanalytical Approach.” In *Theories of Human Sexuality*, 385–410. New York: Plenum.
- Reiss, Ira L. 1986. *Journey into Sexuality: An Exploratory Voyage*. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Schubert, Glendon, and R. D. Masters, eds. 1991. *Primate Politics*. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
- Smith, James R., and Lynn G. 1971 [1970]. “CoMarital Sex and the Sexual Freedom Movement.” In *Human Sexual Behavior*, edited by B. Lieberman, 281–288. New York: Wiley. **Bibliographic details need checking.**
- Smuts, Barbara. 1987. “Gender, Aggression and Influence.” In *Primate Societies*, 400–411. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Stoddart, D. Michael. 1990. *The Scented Ape: The Biology and Culture of Human Odour*. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Zeller, Anne C. 1987. “Communication by Sight and Smell.” In *Primate Societies*, edited by Barbara B. Smuts et al., 433–439. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

## Later literature shown as citing Friedl’s article

These entries were visible in the AnthroSource “Citing Literature” pages supplied by Martin. DOI and bibliographic details should be checked before formal publication.

- Ben Mocha, Yitzchak, Roger Mundry, and Simone Pika. 2018. “Why Hide? Concealed Sex in Dominant Arabian Babblers (*Turdoides squamiceps*) in the Wild.” *Evolution and Human Behavior* 39(6): 575–582. DOI: [10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.009](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.009). **Direct comparative follow-up.**
- Chivers, Meredith L. 2020. “Prepared for Pleasure? An Alternative Perspective on the Preparation Hypothesis.” *Archives of Sexual Behavior* 51(2): 729–735. DOI shown: [10.1007/s10508-020-01841-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01841-5). **Sexual response and bodily preparation.**
- Frohlick, Susan. 2008. “Negotiating the Public Secrecy of Sex in a Transnational Tourist Town in Caribbean Costa Rica.” *Tourist Studies* 8(1): 19–39. DOI: [10.1177/1468797608094927](https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797608094927). **Public/private sexual boundaries.**
- Frohlick, Susan. 2008. “Fluid Exchanges: The Negotiation of Intimacy between Tourist Women and Local Men in a Transnational Town in Caribbean Costa Rica.” *City & Society* 19(1): 139–168. DOI: [10.1525/city.2007.19.1.139](https://doi.org/10.1525/city.2007.19.1.139). **Intimacy, commerce and public/private negotiation.**
- Frohlick, Susan. 2015. “Feeling Sexual Transgression: Subjectivity, Bodily Experience, and Non-Normative Hetero-Erotic Practices in Women’s Cross-Border Sex.” *Gender, Place & Culture* 23(2): 257–273. DOI shown: [10.1080/0966369X.2014.991696](https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2014.991696). **Embodiment and transgression.**
- Herdt, Gilbert. 2001. “Stigma and the Ethnographic Study of HIV: Problems and Prospects.” *AIDS and Behavior* 5(2): 141–149. DOI: [10.1023/A:1011378811611](https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011378811611). **Sexual secrecy, stigma and research ethics.**
- Herdt, Gilbert. “Clinical Ethnography and Sexual Culture.” *Annual Review of Sex Research*. DOI shown: [10.1080/10532528.1999.10559776](https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.1999.10559776). **Clinical and ethnographic approaches; year/details need checking.**
- Jankowiak, William. 2019. “Chinese Women, Gender, and Sexuality: A Critical Review of Recent Studies.” *Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars* 31(1): 31–47. DOI shown: [10.1080/14672715.1999.10415728](https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1999.10415728). **Cross-cultural gender and sexuality; date/volume mismatch needs checking.**
- Jansen, Diederik F. 2013. “Is ‘Pedophilia’ a Paraphrase of the Incest Taboo? Apropos: Are the Corollaries of Taboo Offered Up as Reasons for It?” *Archives of Sexual Behavior* 42(5): 679–683. DOI: [10.1007/s10508-013-0131-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0131-z). **Peripheral: taboo theory; not a core project source.**
- Jansen, Diederik F. 2015. “Anthropologizing Young/Minor Sexualities.” In *Children, Sexuality and Sexualization*, 21–38. **Peripheral and requires full bibliographic verification.**
- Jansen, Diederik. 2020. “From Corruption to Perversion: Sexually Explicit Imagery, Forensic Medicine, and Sexual Psychopathology (1862–1927).” *Porn Studies* 8(4): 464–484. DOI: [10.1080/23268743.2020.1765849](https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2020.1765849). **Sexual visibility, classification and moral regulation.**
- Laing, Mary, and Michael Atkins. 2012. “Walking the Beat and Doing Business: Exploring Spaces of Male Sex Work and Public Sex.” *Sexualities* 15(5–6): 622–643. DOI: [10.1177/1363460712445984](https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460712445984). **Public sex and commercial space.**
- Meskell, Lynn. 2002. “Bibliographie, Vies privées des Égyptiens.” *Autrepart*. DOI shown: [10.3917/autre.meske.2002.01.0241](https://doi.org/10.3917/autre.meske.2002.01.0241). **Private life; title/details require checking.**
- Salazar, Carles. 2008. “Knowledge and Discipline—Knowledge as Discipline: Aspects of the Oral History of Irish Sexuality.” *Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute* 14(1): 135–151. DOI: [10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00482.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00482.x). **Knowledge, discipline and sexual history.**
- Shuttleworth, Russell P. “The Search for Sexual Intimacy for Men with Cerebral Palsy.” **Relevant to intimacy and disability; journal/year/details need verification.**
- Silverman, Sydel. 2016. “Ernestine Friedl (1920–2015).” *American Anthropologist* 118(2): 468–471. DOI: [10.1111/aman.12592](https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12592). **Author context.**
- Taylor, Timothy F. 2008. “The Origins of Human Sexual Culture.” *Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality* 18(2–3): 69–105. DOI: [10.1300/J056v18n02_03](https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n02_03). **Directly relevant.**
- van Hooff, Jan A. R. A. M. 2010. “Males and Females: The Big Little Difference.” In *The Future of Motherhood in Western Societies*, 17–31. DOI shown: [10.1007/978-90-481-8969-4_3](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8969-4_3). **Gender and reproductive roles; peripheral.**
- Vaillancourt, Kourtney T., and April L. Few-Demo. 2014. “Relational Dynamics of Swinging Relationships.” *The Family Journal* 22(3): 311–320. DOI: [10.1177/1066480714529742](https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714529742). **Consensual non-monogamy and negotiated privacy.**
- Williams, Melvin D. 1996. “Biophobia, Social Boundaries, and Racism: Prologue to a Macroanthropology.” *Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems* 19(2): 171–186. DOI: [10.1016/S1061-7361(96)90024-7](https://doi.org/10.1016/S1061-7361(96)90024-7). **Broad social-boundary theory; peripheral.**
- Rye, B. J., and Glenn J. Meaney. 2008. “Voyeurism.” *International Journal of Sexual Health* 19(1): 47–56. DOI shown: [10.1300/J514v19n01_06](https://doi.org/10.1300/J514v19n01_06). **Spectatorship and the private/public paradox.**

## Later direct companion source

- Ben Mocha, Yitzchak, Roger Mundry, and Simone Pika. 2020. “Why Do Human and Non-Human Species Conceal Mating? The Cooperation Maintenance Hypothesis.” *Proceedings of the Royal Society B* 287: 20201330. DOI: [10.1098/rspb.2020.1330](https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1330). **Directly develops the concealed-mating question that Friedl identified.**

## Working theoretical position for End Up Here

The project should not claim that Friedl already proposed the whole theory. A source-bounded formulation is:

> Friedl identified the near-universality of concealed sex and proposed that increased social intelligence and consciousness of self may have contributed to it. End Up Here extends that insight into a Vulnerability–Privacy Theory: prolonged sexual interaction exposes the body and socially interpreted self, so privacy becomes a protected zone in which public performance can be suspended.

## Evidence status

- **Direct anchor:** Friedl 1994.
- **Direct comparative support:** Ben Mocha, Mundry and Pika 2018 and 2020.
- **Conceptual support:** Gallup; Byrne and Whiten; de Waal; Gagnon and Simon; Schoeman; Gavison; Foucault.
- **Relevant but not proof of the theory:** clothing/modesty, public-sex, voyeurism, sexuality-and-commerce, and clinical ethnography literature.
- **Still to investigate:** whether sexual privacy is better explained by self-consciousness, cooperation, mate-guarding, interruption risk, pair-bonding, or an interaction among these factors.

## Source note

The original Friedl record and its cited literature are available through the [Wiley/AnthroSource record](https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1994.96.4.02a00060). The later entries above were transcribed from the “Citing Literature” screenshots supplied in this conversation and should be checked against Crossref or the publisher before being used in a final academic bibliography.